gwenspage

Letters-feminist science studies letter

2009-10-17T19:42:00.003-07:00

Feminist science studies cover letter--

I am writing to express my interest in the tenure-track position in History of Science and WGS, which was advertised on the STSGRAD website. I was this past June awarded a Ph.D. in Women's Studies from UCLA. My scholarship on gender and race in science and medicine make me a strong candidate for this position.

I seek an academic position that will allow me to continue studying contemporary formations of gender and race in scientific discourses of disease. I approach the study of scientific discourse through an interdisciplinary lens, as constituted by media, culture and other features of social and historical context as much as by practices occurring in the circumscribed realm of science proper. My first research project concerned the intersecting discourses of science and Orientalism represented by the U.S. mass media in its coverage of SARS and China. I demonstrated the ways in which Orientalism shaped U.S. understandings of SARS epidemiology and of Chinese norms of gender and hygiene, and resulted in the notion of a diseased transnational Chinese Other. This work resulted in a publication titled “Chinese chickens, ducks, pigs and humans, and the Technoscientific Discourses of Global U.S. Empire” (enclosed).

In my dissertation, titled “The Bio Scare: anthrax, smallpox, SARS, flu and post-9/11 U.S. Empire”, I examined the role of gender and race in discourses of "biosecurity" and practices of disease control in the post-9/11 U.S. The post-9/11 era has been characterized by heightened attention to “national security”, and the spectre of “bioterrorism” has shaped the disease scares that occurred in rapid succession following the September 11 attacks in the U.S. —the anthrax scare immediately after, the smallpox scare in 2002, SARS in 2003 and “bird flu” in 2004. Through a multi-sited analysis of textual sources including mass media, law, science journals, and internet blogs, I examined the ways in which these bioterrorism-inflected disease scares invoked racialized representations of disease threats and gendered measures of "biosecurity".

My research illustrated that, in the backdrop of U.S. imperialist politics, women were discursively deployed as alternately health guardians of the U.S. nation and signifiers of a feminized white society vulnerable to "biological threats" presumed to emanate from transnational Middle Eastern male (bio)terrorists and diseased Asians (intentionality is associated with the former case, un-intentionality with the latter). I demonstrated how these disease representations played a role not only in the enlistment of women as healthcare workers into an emerging biodefense apparatus and the Othering of racialized groups, but also in the instantiation of neoconservative measures of disease control under the rubric of “biosecurity”, such as the militarization of biomedical science and the securitization of public health. Drawing heavily on feminist and postcolonial theory, and cultural studies of science and medicine, this multi-sited cultural history contributes to an understanding of racialized geographies of disease and gendered economies of healthcare during the post-9/11 period in the U.S. This research was funded by the UCLA Institute of American Cultures.

For my next research project, I am interested in focusing primarily on the domain of science in order to examine the embeddedness of cultural norms in scientific knowledge production. More specifically, I wish to study how assumptions about gender and race constitute the very scientific theories and models upon which the research and development of “bioterrorism” countermeasures are based. I will utilize primary scientific literature and popular media coverage of the scientific research and technology production, engaging in textual analysis of the language, methods, and stated purposes of the countermeasures for achieving “biosecurity”.

I am particularly excited about the prospect of teaching students in women, gender and sexuality studies as well as history of science. I have teaching interests as well as experience in both introductory and upper-level Women's Studies courses that emphasize feminist activism, intersectionality, and global contexts. I have taught “Introduction to Women’s Studies” three times at a two-year college and worked as a teaching assistant for two years at UCLA. In spring 2007, I designed and taught a course to rave reviews titled “Feminist Studies of Science and Technology” which focused on gender, race, sexuality, class and imperialism in relation to science and technology (enclosed).

In addition to a desire to continue teaching science studies and introductory women’s studies courses, I am interested in teaching courses on the history of race and disease, empire and medicine, women's health, feminist cultural theories and methods, transnational feminisms, women in transnational perspective, and the history of U.S. women of color. I am passionate about teaching and am dedicated to empowering creative, socially-aware, and independent thinkers. In a nurturing classroom environment, I encourage students to undertake the learning process through the lens of their own experiences and as critically engaged participants. I attempt to demystify knowledge production and authority figures by encouraging students to view themselves as capable of contributing and asserting knowledge rather than as passive learners. My pedagogical strategies consist of a participatory instruction style, diverse course content, and situated knowledge practices.

My skills and experience in curriculum development, administrative departmental committee service, as well as my community service are also attributes I would contribute to the department. As a member of the UCLA Women’s Studies graduate curriculum committee, I spearheaded a revamping of the required two-course graduate series on feminist theory in order to move away from Eurocentric paradigms towards a more intersectional, globally-contextualized framework. I also served as graduate representative on the UCLA Women’s Studies faculty advisory committee, as a student member of the UC Migrating Epistemologies Working Group, and co-founded the student group “Women in the World”, which put on plays and other cultural programs to reach a wider UCLA audience. I welcome this wonderful opportunity to continue working in my field of specialization and contribute to the department of history of science and program in women, gender and sexuality. The interdisciplinary, cutting-edge research environment would be ideal to nurture and support my scholarly development.

Thank you very much for your time and consideration.

Letters-Biosecurity Postdoc Project

2009-10-17T19:42:00.001-07:00

Technologies of National Security, the Discourse of Bioterrorism, and the Science of Biosecurity

The proposed project examines how cultural understandings of "terrorism" and "bioterrorism"—and their gendered and racialized assumptions—shape scientific knowledge production. After 9/11, the U.S. government refocused “national security” policies with new fervor into an official “global war on terror”, institutionalizing mechanisms of surveillance and security throughout society. While scholars, policy-makers and activists have analyzed the myriad forms these have taken, little attention has been paid to the ways the post-9/11 national security apparatus expanded into the realm of biology. Scientific research and laboratory practices of "biosecurity" have emerged, with important implications for researchers, test subjects as well as the general public.

Biosecurity entails two main prongs—the safeguarding of access to biology laboratories from "bioterrorists", and the research and development of biotechnological “countermeasures” against “bioterrorism diseases"—diseases like anthrax and smallpox, which have been defined as potential bioterrorist weapons. This scientific production of biotechnologies for “national security” is highly dangerous, involving work with pathogenic organisms (such as anthrax and smallpox) in order to produce countermeasures to them. Biological research already entails certain dangers since the organisms being cultivated are often hazardous to human health and have the potential to harm both the scientists directly working with them and the public at large if they are leaked outside of the laboratory. Work with "bioterrorism diseases", then, is an even more high-stakes endeavor; for the researchers being exposed to these pathogens and the test subjects who will undergo clinical trials with the resulting biotechnological countermeasures, this is especially the case.

The proposed project elaborates upon a central theme in my dissertation: the cultural assumptions of post-9/11 discourse on bioterrorism—the construction of "bioterrorists" as reified violent "Middle Eastern" males and the construction of bioterrorism victims as "women and children". It remains imperative to interrogate how these gendered and racialized assumptions about bioterrorism underlie the concomitant measures of biosecurity instituted. Utilizing textual analysis methodologies, I will examine the primary scientific literature for 1) the extent to which laboratory guidelines for conducting biological research (especially those involving hazardous pathogens) are constructed with the notion of danger as originating from outside the laboratory—epitomized by the Middle Eastern bioterrorist—rather than as inherent in the research itself and 2) the extent to which bioterrorism countermeasures are actually designed (via clinical drug trial testing) for the populations purported to need them the most—i.e., women and children.

My primary theoretical framework will be that of feminist science studies—which as a field has demonstrated how science, rather than being an apolitical practice separate from and unaffected by the larger culture of which it is a part, is in fact shaped by social values that become embedded in scientific research and its technological products (Haraway 1991; Lederman 2001; Mayberry et al. 2001; MacCormack and Strathern 1980; Bleier 2001; Hubbard 2001). I aim for my research to intervene in mainstream bioethics debates, which have remained for the most part focused on the effects biosecurity has had on ideals of open scientific exchange and the unfettered pursuit of scientific knowledge. My research will also be in conversation with the scholarship in the humanities and social sciences that, while historicizing the emergence of biosecurity, has failed to adequately address gender, race, and other social identity categories salient in shaping its development. Thus, in addition to addressing what is an understudied topic in feminist science studies, my project will contribute to the bioethics literature and the burgeoning humanistic and social scientific literature on biosecurity.

I will analyze the language, methods, and stated purposes of bioterrorism countermeasures research and development, such as the genetic engineering research on pathogens like the smallpox virus, or the development and testing of antibiotics like Cipro for anthrax. I will track researchers of bioterrorism countermeasures through their articulations in news media about the role of these countermeasures in achieving “biosecurity”, as well as any stated or unstated assumptions about the utility of the research being done and who will actually benefit from this research. Secondly, I will collect materials published by key players brokering laboratory guidelines for biosecurity (i.e., scientific advisory boards, biology journal editors and bioethics panels). I will analyze stated rationales for proposed regulations restricting access to laboratory research and scientific data, and any related cultural assumptions about the normative "bioterrorist" (i.e., "Middle Eastern" men) or their intended victims (i.e., "women and children").

I not only bring to this project scholarly expertise in the field of feminist science studies and experience conducting textual analysis honed in my dissertation project, but also a familiarity with science texts garnered from my work experience in biology laboratories and undergraduate training. After obtaining an undergraduate degree in Neurobiology, I worked for four years in neurobiology and genetics laboratories. In addition to my dissertation work on the post-9/11 cultural productions of gender and race in popular scientific discourse pertaining to post-9/11 “biosecurity”, I have contributed to the field of feminist science studies and increasing access to science by women and people of color through designing and piloting a course titled “Feminist Studies of Science and Technology” and working as a researcher in a Caltech study of the institutional mechanisms causing young girls to lose interest in science.

To summarize, I have the knowledge, experience and commitment to effectively conduct this feminist analysis of biosecurity—an exploration of how post-9/11 cultural norms shape scientific practice and in turn how scientists, test subjects, and the general public are affected.

Feminist cultural studies letter

2009-10-17T19:38:00.001-07:00

Feminist cultural studies cover letter

Dear Hiring Committee:

I am writing to express my interest in the tenure-track position as an Assistant Professor in Gender, Sexuality and Popular Culture. I was this past June awarded a Ph.D. in Women's Studies from UCLA. As an interdisciplinary scholar whose teaching and research bridges feminist cultural studies and cultural studies of science and medicine, I am a strong candidate for this position.

I seek an academic position that will allow me to continue studying contemporary formations of gender, race and sexuality in relation to popular understandings of disease. My first research project in this area concerned the intersecting discourses of science and Orientalism represented by the U.S. mass media in its coverage of SARS and China. I demonstrated the ways in which U.S.-based perceptions of SARS contagion in China were shaped by Eurocentric views of hygiene, gender norms, public-private dichotomy, and human non-human animal hierarchy. This work resulted in a publication titled “Chinese chickens, ducks, pigs and humans, and the Technoscientific Discourses of Global U.S. Empire”.

In my dissertation, titled “The Bio Scare: anthrax, smallpox, SARS, flu and post-9/11 U.S. Empire”, I examined intersecting tropes of gender, race and sexuality in the media-driven disease scares that followed the September 11 attacks in the U.S.—the anthrax scare immediately after, the smallpox scare in 2002, SARS in 2003 and “bird flu” in 2004. These disease scares were part of a post-9/11 era characterized by heightened attention to “national security”. Shaped by the spectre of “bioterrorism”, they centered on "biological threats"—infectious diseases and potential biological warfare agents such as anthrax, smallpox, SARS and flu—and invoked racist representations of disease threats and sexist tropes of disease control. My project examined these cultural constructions of disease—and the disease control measures they helped engender—through a multi-sited cultural ethnography of textual sources spanning popular and specialized realms including mass media, law, medical journals, and internet blogs.

My research illustrated that, in the backdrop of U.S. imperialist politics, women were deployed as alternately health guardians of the U.S. nation and signifiers of a feminized white society vulnerable to "biological threats" presumed to emanate from queer embodiments of transnational danger—the "Middle Eastern" male (bio)terrorist intentionally spreading disease and "Asian" Other unhygienically harboring disease. I demonstrated the role that these disease representations played in both the stigmatization of racialized groups and the enlistment of women as healthcare workers into an emerging biodefense apparatus. Furthermore, I showed that these tropes helped justify the instantiation of neoconservative measures of disease control under the rubric of “biosecurity” (e.g., the diversion of scarce public health resources to biodefense). Drawing heavily on feminist, postcolonial and queer theory, and cultural studies of science and medicine, this multi-sited cultural history contributes to an understanding of racialized and sexualized geographies of disease and gendered economies of healthcare during the post-9/11 period in the U.S. This research was funded by the UCLA Institute of American Cultures. Thus far, two book chapters and an op-ed have resulted, and I am currently writing an article on the anthrax scare and masculinity to be submitted for academic journal publication as well as an issue brief on the securitization of healthcare aimed at health policy and racial and gender justice community organizations.

For my next research project, I am interested in continuing my study of contemporary constructions of disease discourse in the context of crisis preparation. I will focus on pandemic flu preparedness under the new Obama Administration, which has for the most part been an extension of disaster preparedness planning under the post-9/11 Bush Administration. I will examine how popular representations of communities of color as the imagined panicking and noncompliant masses threatening public safety during a pandemic crisis are informed by a history of eugenics control of these same populations. I will focus specifically on how women of color, seen as primary caretakers for their respective communities, are depicted as failing in their maternal roles and deemed responsible for breeding an overpopulated, belligerent and diseased ethnic community who threaten the health of mainstream populations.

I am particularly excited about the prospect of teaching gender and women's studies courses to a diverse ethnic and working-class student body in Chicago. I am passionate about teaching and am dedicated to empowering creative, socially-aware, and independent thinkers. I have teaching interests as well as experience in both introductory and upper-level Women's Studies courses that emphasize feminist activism, intersectionality, and global contexts. I have taught “Introduction to Women’s Studies” three times at a two-year college and four times as a teaching assistant at UCLA. In spring 2007, I designed and taught a course to rave reviews titled “Feminist Studies of Science and Technology” which focused on gender, race and sexuality in relation to science and technology. In addition to a desire to continue teaching introductory women’s studies and feminist science studies courses, I am interested in teaching feminist cultural theories and methods; gender and popular culture; global perspectives on women and gender; transnational feminisms; women of color history; queer women of color in the U.S.; race, gender and sexuality; race and disease geographies; and gender, sexuality and medicine.

My pedagogical strategies consist of a participatory instruction style, dialoguing across difference, and situating knowledge practices. I view teaching as a tool of social transformation. In a nurturing classroom environment, I encourage students to undertake the learning process through the lens of their own experiences and as critically engaged participants. I strive to honor the experience of as many students as possible by offering multiple modes of participation (and grade contribution)—in-class discussion, film and internet presentations, small group work, short paper assignments and extra credits, out-of-class communication, in-class time-constrained exams, take-home written papers, art and multimedia projects, as well as service-learning internships. I also attempt to demystify knowledge production and authority figures by encouraging students to view themselves as capable of contributing and asserting knowledge rather than as passive learners.

My skills and experience in curriculum development, administrative departmental committee service, and community work are also attributes I would contribute to your department. As a member of the UCLA Women’s Studies graduate curriculum committee, I spearheaded a revamping of the required two-course graduate series on feminist theory in order to move away from Eurocentric paradigms towards a more intersectional and globally-contextualized framework. I also served as graduate representative on the UCLA Women’s Studies faculty advisory committee, as a student member of the UC Migrating Epistemologies Working Group, and co-founded the student group “Women in the World” which put on plays and other cultural programs challenging stereotypes about Arab and Muslim women. Moreover, since 2000 I have been involved in community activism to promote social justice for women who have survived sexual assault, immigrant Chinese women exploited in the garment industry, and formerly incarcerated women. I also have experience working with diverse youth in anti-oppression trainings and teaching self-defense to diverse women and trans folk.

I am excited to be potentially joining your department. I believe that the Gender and Women's Studies Department at UIC and its mission of engaged scholarship would be an ideal environment to nurture my research interests—motivated by contemporary phenomenon shaping the lives of women and communities of color, my written work—aimed at both academic and less specialized audiences, and my pedagogical development—centered on student-generated knowledge production.

Thank you very much for your time and consideration.

Gwen's Updates 9- 26-09

2009-10-06T22:08:00.000-07:00

Gwen's Updates

Teaching:
1. I have continued building on my teaching expertise with my third year teaching Intro to Women's Studies at City College. This year, my co-teacher and I revamped the syllabus by using a new course reader which we felt combined theory, experiential narrative, and praxis better; the new course text also branches out beyond typical Women's studies topics by incorporating topics such as "Women, Crime and Criminalization" and "Women and the Military"; it also draws on local and global struggles and examples. The book is: Kirk, Gwyn., and Margo. Okazawa-Rey. Women's lives : multicultural perspectives. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

1a. Other teaching skills I have built are: my co-teacher and I added a Service-Learning component to the course, so our students are going out and interning at community organizations.

2. In addition, I have expanded on my teaching horizons by teaching a new course called "Architecture and Diversity". First, this class is half high school students/half college students, so I am learning to teach to a broader age range, and to high school students, which means I have incorporated more hands-on visual learning projects in addition to verbal lecture and discussion. Secondly, this course is truly team-taught in the sense that I am teaching with an architect during the same class period, so teacher coordination is required. Third, this subject area builds on my "feminist technology studies" training as it is a course about culture and identity in relation to the built environment; course topics include contemporary examples of gentrification and how native american cultures preserve identity through "modern" architecture.

Writing:
I am building skills in writing that branch out from academic styles into those geared towards policy and public arenas. I wrote an op-ed on swine flu and more recently a "backgrounder" based on my dissertation findings about the legacy of Bush-era public health securitization in the context of the new Obama Administration's rhetoric and actions around healthcare. I have also been writing some "issue briefs" geared towards community organizations and the interested public about genetic surveillance technologies and how they unfairly target communities of color and also end up backlogging DNA evidence collected for use in sexual assault cases. Next semester, I will return to writing academic pieces as well; I will start with the article I began to write on anthrax, which I will submit to a peer-reviewed journal.

Research:
1. I have been doing some side research on genetic technologies such as DNA forensics (which I mentioned above); the topic is related to my dissertation work on science and surveillance, but is much more a study of scientific technologies and their applications to and impacts on social problems. I am doing this research as part of a volunteer project I am doing for an organization called Generations Ahead, which is a community think tank aiming to analyze genetic technology policies for their impacts on community issues such as racial justice, reproductive justice, etc. I am working the racial justice component and my primary motive is to learn how to apply my academic research and writing skills to a policy/community organizing audience (since this type of work is a career avenue I am exploring).

2. Postdoc: Next semester, I do plan to restart academic writing and may take the Five Colleges postdoc to do so. Since my dissertation research focused more on cultural productions and the imperialist politics of changes in science and health, I plan next to do research on how scientific practice and public health practice has been affected. One of the two postdocs I wrote up last year, on bioterror countermeasures (which is what I was awarded for at Five Colleges), will be the frame I use to study how scientific practice is and continues to be affected by countermeasures research (which currently has shifted to the preparation for "pandemics"). In the future, I will probably add to this more research on Obama's pandemic planning practices, which would bring my work more into the arena of healthcare practice and the field of "disaster preparedness". I remain interested in the intersections in the U.S. of federal policy in the realms of science and health practice as it pertains to crises (e.g., bioterror, national security, and disaster preparedness), because of the way in which crises shape the social order so drastically and end up revealing its contours.

3. I am pasting a summary of my dissertation here quoted from my last cover letter:

I seek an academic position that will allow me to continue studying contemporary formations of gender and race in scientific discourses of disease. In my dissertation, titled “The Bio Scare: anthrax, smallpox, SARS, flu and post-9/11 U.S. Empire”, I examined the role of gender and race in discourses of "biosecurity" and practices of disease control in the post-9/11 U.S. The post-9/11 era has been characterized by heightened attention to “national security”, and the spectre of “bioterrorism” has shaped the disease scares that occurred in rapid succession following the September 11 attacks in the U.S.—the anthrax scare immediately following it, the smallpox scare in 2002, SARS in 2003 and “bird flu” in 2004. Through textual analysis of mass media, law, science journals, and internet blogs, I examined the ways in which these bioterrorism-inflected disease scares invoked racialized representations of disease threats and gendered measures of "biosecurity".
My research illustrated that, in the backdrop of U.S. imperialist politics, women were discursively deployed as alternately health guardians of the US. nation and signifiers of a feminized white society vulnerable to "biological threats" presumed to emanate from transnational Middle Eastern male (bio)terrorists and diseased Asian Others (intentionality is associated with the former case, un-intentionality with the latter). I demonstrated how these disease representations played a role not only in the enlistment of women as healthcare workers into an emerging biodefense apparatus and the Othering of racialized groups, but also in the instantiation of neoconservative measures of disease control under the rubric of "biosecurity", such as the militarization of biomedical science and the securitization of public health. Drawing heavily on feminist and postcolonial theory, and cultural studies of science and medicine, this multi-sited cultural ethnographic study contributes to an understanding of racialized geographies of disease and gendered economies of healthcare during the post-9/11 period in the U.S. This research was funded by the UCLA Institute of American Cultures.

Obama's healthcare focus

2009-07-24T20:26:00.000-07:00

Text: Obama's Remarks on Health Care, NYT 7-22-09
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/us/politics/22obama.text.html

CNA's Single Payer/Medicare for All
http://www.calnurses.org/research/pdfs/ihsp_sp_economic_study_2009.pdf

Obama's Health Plan, Znet, 7-09
http://www.zmag.org/zmag/viewArticle/21873

Obama's Science pledge, APHA, 5-09
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Obama+says+science+will+lead+health,+environmental+decisions.-a0199590023

Bipartisan WMD Panel Criticizes Obama Plan To Fund Flu Vaccine, Wash Post 6-8-09

Project Bioshield: Purposes and Authorities, Congressional reports, 7-6-09, 5-4-09
Obama diverting Bioshield!

Senate Democrats Press for Flu Preparedness, Democratic Policy Committee, 5-4-09
Democratic history of trying to get money for flu prep, Bush denying, Obama yes-ing!

2009 H1N1 "Swine Flu" Outbreak: An Overview, Congressional reports, 4-30-09

Obama and H1N1, APHA, 6-09
http://www.apha.org/publications/tnh/current/JuneJuly09/Nation/swinefluNAT.htm

Obama Weekly Address 2009 H1N1, 5-2-09
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/WEEKLY-ADDRESS-President-Obama-Outlines-Government-Actions-to-Address-the-2009-H1N1-Flu/

Fast-tracked Swine Flu Vaccine under Fire, Institute of Science in Society
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/fastTrackSwineFluVaccineUnderFire.php

Swine flu legal immunity, 7-17-09
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hjdCHrP82YTFser5vD6CzTK1az6wD99GH8580

U.S. panel prepares to OK swine flu vaccine trials, Reuters 7-23-09
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE56M3LB20090723

Obama vaccination campaign for swine flu, WSJ, 7-10-09
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124714942306818305.html

Obama worst-case scenario for swine flu, VOANews, 5-1-09
http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2009-05/2009-05-01-voa48.cfm?CFID=264114892&CFTOKEN=13328181&jsessionid=8830d2c6ee221c3fad51f275a4e80763a312

Obama H1N1 medium preparedness, DOD, 5-1-09
http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=54172

CLG pandemic LINK
http://www.legitgov.org/pandemic_action.html

Clinicians' Biosecurity Network LINK
http://www.upmc-cbn.org/

UPMC's 2009 Biosecurity Memos to Obama LINK
http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/publications/2009/biomemo/2009-03-27-strategic_priorities_biosecurity.html

CDC/White House press release H1N1, 4-36-09
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Press-Briefing-On-Swine-Influenza-4/26/09/

Agencies to set up mass swine flu vaccinations, SFgate 7-20-09
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/21/BA6H18PA5J.DTL

Readying Americans for Dangerous, Mandatory Vaccinations, Global Research 6-10-09
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=13925

Huge new Biodefense Lab is Dedicated at Fort Detrick, Wash Post 10-23-08
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/22/AR2008102203082.html

Army Investigating Disappearance of Lethal Pathogen at Fort Detrick, NTI 4-23-09
http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20090423_9776.php

Swine Flu Vaccine Fast-tracked to September, webmd.
http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/news/20090717/swine-flu-vaccine-fast-track

Pandemic Flu Preparedness: LESSONS FROM THE FRONTLINES, Trust for America's Health/UPMC, 6-09
http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/publications/2009/pdf/2009-06-04-tfah2009-pan-flu-06.pdf

2008 H1N1 Influenza Issue Brief: A Closer Look at WHO Pandemic Declaration, UPMC, 7-09
http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/2009_H1N1_updates/isssue_briefs/2009-06-11-A_Closer_Look_WHO_Pan_Declaration.html

BWC, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 7/09
http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/malcolm-dando/biodevelopment-and-the-biological-weapons-convention

Changing nuclear policy, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 2009
http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/f64x2k3716wq9613/fulltext.pdf

New Scientist section "epidemic"
http://www.newscientist.com/topic/epidemic

New Rules for Biosecurity, Science, 5-29-09
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;324/5931/1117?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexacttitle=or&andorexacttitleabs=or&fulltext=biodefense&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=date&fdate=7/1/1880&tdate=7/31/2009&resourcetype=HWCIT,HWELTR

PSD-1, Organizing for Homeland Sec and Counterterrorism, 2-23-09
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/psd/psd-1.pdf

PDD-1, Org of the Nat Sec Council System, 2-13-09
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/ppd/ppd-1.pdf

Obama's Biosecurity views, Arms Control Assocation, election 2008
http://www.armscontrol.org/2008election

Strengthen American Biosecurity, Obama's Change.gov
http://change.gov/agenda/homeland_security_agenda/

Obama Appoints O'Toole and her smallpox modeling, 7-24-08
http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-orent17-2009jul17,0,6572159.story

Obama AIDS campaign, Infectious Disease News, 4-8-09
http://www.infectiousdiseasenews.com/article/38815.aspx

BTWC-current status and 2006 review, Arms Control Today, 2/09
http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_01-02/BWC
http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007_01-02/NewsAnalysisBWC

BIOETHICS
In Debate Over Health Policy, Some Words Are Seldom Spoken, 8-14-09
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/15/health/policy/15beliefs.html?_r=1&th&emc=th

TB

2009-01-08T18:28:00.000-08:00

TB INFO
90% latent, 3 weeks before contagious, not very contagious, two main antibiotics treat it and takes a long time to kill it; only human host
WHO fact sheet: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html 1/3 of world infected!
MDRTB is not very contagious, but can be lethal (in reference to resistant to specific drugs)
XDRTB is resistant to most effective drugs, can spread from one to another when TB is active (from low immune system)
leading killer of women of reproductive age globally
http://www.cdc.gov/tb/faqs/default.htm
U.S. info
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/297/16/1765
In 2006, a total of 13,767 tuberculosis (TB) cases (4.6 per100,000 population) were reported in the United States, representinga 3.2% decline from the 2005 rate. This report summarizes provisional2006 TB incidence data from the National TB Surveillance Systemand describes trends since 1993. The TB rate in 2006 was thelowest recorded since national reporting began in 1953, butthe rate of decline has slowed since 2000. The average annualpercentage decline in the TB incidence rate decreased from 7.3%per year during 1993-2000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.9%-7.8%)to 3.8% during 2000-2006 (CI = 3.1%-4.5%). Foreign-bornpersons and racial/ethnic minority populations continue to beaffected disproportionately by TB in the United States. In 2006,the TB rate among foreign-born persons in the United Stateswas 9.5 times that of U.S.-born persons.* The TB rates amongblacks, Asians, and Hispanics were 8.4, 21.2, and 7.6 timeshigher than rates among whites, respectively.

http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/1/83?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&fulltext=%22pandemic+influenza%22+%22national+strategy+%22&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=date&resourcetype=HWCIT
Media coverage of Speaker's situation provided many people withan introduction to XDR-TB, which is the latest chapter in humanity'sbattle with the "white plague." Once thought under control indeveloped countries, TB cases increased in the 1980s after fundingcuts for TB prevention and treatment programs and the emergenceof the AIDS pandemic. The reemergence of TB had the harshestconsequences in the developing world, particularly with theimpact of HIV/AIDS on susceptibility to TB infection. The increasein TB cases led to an increase in inadequate or incomplete antibiotictreatments, which produced resistant TB strains.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5511a3.htm
For 2005, a total of 14,093 tuberculosis (TB) cases (4.8 cases per 100,000 population) were reported in the United States, representing a 3.8% decline in the rate from 2004. This report summarizes provisional 2005 data from the national TB surveillance system and describes trends since 1993. The findings indicate that although the 2005 TB rate was the lowest recorded since national reporting began in 1953, the decline has slowed from an average of 7.1% per year (1993--2000) to an average of 3.8% per year (2001--2005). In 2005, the TB rate in foreign-born persons in the United States was 8.7 times that of U.S.-born persons.* In addition, Hispanics,^† blacks, and Asians had TB rates 7.3, 8.3, and 19.6 times higher than whites, respectively. Moreover, the number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB^§ cases in the United States increased 13.3%, with 128 cases (up from 113 in 2003) of MDR TB in 2004, the most recent year for which complete drug-susceptibility data are available. The deceleration of the decline in the overall national TB rate, the persistent disparities in TB rates between U.S.-born and foreign-born persons and between whites and racial/ethnic minorities, and the increase in MDR TB cases all threaten progress toward the goal of TB elimination in the United States. Effective TB control and prevention in the United States require sufficient resources, continued collaborative measures with other countries to reduce TB globally, and interventions targeted to U.S. populations with the highest TB rates.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings July 07: http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/inside.asp?AID=4425&UID=#bib1
"This case has focused attention on important public health issues: the global TB epidemic and the risk of spread of infectious agents either knowingly or unknowingly via air travel."
"Among infectious diseases, TB is second only to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as the greatest contributor to adult mortality, causing approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that 1 in 8 deaths in the world today is due to tuberculosis."

CDC site: http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:-fDaIzycrLEJ:cdc.gov/tb/pubs/iom/Ending%2520Neglect%2520Slides%2520Compressed.ppt+u.s.+federal+funding+for+tb&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=us
increase 1988-1992
IOM site: http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9837&page=2
1994 abated

MDRTB as man-made in sense of origin in treatment applications, which need to use multiple drugs
http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=95088
antibiotic resistance
APHA http://www.apha.org/publications/tnh/archives/2007/August07/Globe/TBGlobe.htm "The case of (drug-resistance) is just one example of a problem we’ve been dealing with for decades, and it’s the basic public health system that really needs to be strengthened. (XDR-TB) is a problem that we made and we’re really the only ones that can undo it."

http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/science_and_impacts/impacts_industrial_agriculture/prescription-for-trouble.html
"Why are these drugs losing their power? Because they're being overused. Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through overexposure to them. Hardy strains of the bacteria survive the exposure and pass on that resistance trait to successive generations. And they also pass the trait across to other bacteria that are unrelated, including some that cause human disease. Eventually the antibiotic wipes out all the vulnerable bacteria, and only resistant bacteria remain. Then the drug is no longer effective."
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/attack-of-the-superbugs-antibiotic-resistance/
However, the bacteria in particular have proven to be much more innovative and adaptive than scientists had imagined. Bad practices and mismanagement have only exacerbated the situation. The rate of resistance acquisition is accelerated by the widespread misuse of antibiotics.
http://74.125.45.132/custom?q=cache:g7MDN7vPGdgJ:www.nwc.cc.wy.us/dotAsset/111689.pdf+antibiotic+resistance+modern+medicine+inevitable&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us

http://www.cdc.gov/tb/xdrtb/ XDR TB is described as TB that is resistant to the two most important first-line TB drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) and the two most important second-line drugs (a fluoroquinolone and an injectable agent—amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin), according to the CDC. The agency says 49 cases of XDR TB occurred in the United States between 1993 and 2006.

WHO TB fact sheet, 2007 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html

Until 50 years ago, there were no medicines to cure TB. Now, strains that are resistant to a single drug have been documented in every country surveyed; what is more, strains of TB resistant to all major anti-TB drugs have emerged. Drug-resistant TB is caused by inconsistent or partial treatment, when patients do not take all their medicines regularly for the required period because they start to feel better, because doctors and health workers prescribe the wrong treatment regimens, or because the drug supply is unreliable. A particularly dangerous form of drug-resistant TB is multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), which is defined as the disease caused by TB bacilli resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs. Rates of MDR-TB are high in some countries, especially in the former Soviet Union, and threaten TB control efforts.

STOP TB Strategy http://www.who.int/tb/strategy/en/

CASE INFO
CDC ditched 'em http://www.denverpost.com/sportscolumnists/ci_6037621, http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/OnCall/story?id=3231184&page=1, http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/07/03/tb.speaker/index.html Misdiagnosis of XDRTB, which is highly drug resistant and may require lung tissue removal

NEJM 8/2/07: Legal Power and Legal Rights--Isolation and Quarantine in the Case of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/5/433?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=andrew+speaker&andorexactfulltext=phrase&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
"Speaker's case provoked a flurry of media attention and publicoutrage. During hearings, Representative Bennie Thompson (D-MS),chair of the House Homeland Security Committee, exclaimed, "We'vedodged a bullet. When are we going to stop dodging bullets andstart protecting Americans?"¹ The implication was clear: tuberculosiscarriers threaten the nation. Like terrorists, they must bethwarted by enhanced security measures, including the vigorousapplication of isolation and quarantine. Lost in the debatewas the recognition of legal checks on the use of compulsoryisolation and quarantine as well as the importance of such checksto protect the public health."

nobody got: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-11-28-tuberculosis-lawyer_N.htm

air travel risk
WHO 2006 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_TB_2006.363_eng.pdf
"To date, no case of active TB has been identifi ed as a result of exposure on a commercial aircraft. Furthermore, no evidence of TB disease has been reported among those known to have been infected with M. tuberculosis during air travel. From 1992 to 1994, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), together with state and local health departments, conducted seven contact investigations, one centred on a cabin crew member and six on passengers with infectious TB who had fl own during this period...All index cases were highly infectious...In only two of the investigations was there evidence to suggest transmission of M. tuberculosis infection: one from a cabin crew member to other crew members, and another from a passenger to other passengers (6, 10). In the fi rst report, evidence of transmission was limited to cabin crew with at least 12 hours' exposure to the infectious source. In the other, transmission of infection occurred to only a few passengers seated in the same section as and in close proximity to the passenger with infectious TB, and only on one fl ight lasting more than eight hours.
These results suggest that the risk of infection with M. tuberculosis during air travel is similar to that associated with other activities in which contact with potentially infectious individuals may occur (e.g. train travel, bus travel, any gathering in enclosed spaces). No case of TB disease has been reported among the infected people in the seven studies carried out by CDC. No other instances of possible TB transmission on aircraft have been published since then."

Timeline http://www.cdc.gov/tb/xdrtb/

Washington Post, 6/10/07 http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=119B4BFDA75D7420&p_docnum=12&p_queryname=1
Return of the White Plague: "Aside from the disagreements over which health officer said what, arguments about the loopholes between federal, state and local health regulations, or the media ruckus over whether Speaker was just a guy trying to have a nice wedding or a modern-day Typhoid Mary with a law degree, one obvious point demands our attention. Tuberculosis is a bad disease, and it's contagious. International air travel poses real risks in the spread of tuberculosis. Coughing, sneezing, singing, yelling and even laughing can spread TB germs. People contract tuberculosis after prolonged exposure (eight hours or more) to someone with the illness. This is the same length of time as most transoceanic flights, where passengers breathe re-circulated air for hours on end."

Washington Post 6/7/07 http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=1199F8EF304C8468&p_docnum=15&p_queryname=1
Officials Detail Errors in TB Case - Travel Followed Lack of Cooperation, Late Reaction, Weak Safeguards
" The hearings provided the fullest accounting to date of an episode that has embarrassed the agencies at a time when immigration is dominating the political debate and the threat of pandemic flu or bioterror attack remains a concern. "

Border control insufficiency, public health understanding and civil liberties, global threat governance and quarantine authority re export; China assumption; suicide terrorist again! DHS role
Senate Appropriations June 07 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings&docid=f:41837.wais

"Frankly, as long as the tide of global infectious diseases
broadly and MDR and XDR TB in particular continue to rise,
quarantine and border controls will never adequately protect
Americans. So I think it's very important to recognize that we
need to look outside our borders as well as at our border
protections if we're going to be fully addressing these issues."

"Obviously, this case raises grave questions on how prepared
we are as a Nation to prevent the spread of a dangerous
infectious disease. This subcommittee, under the leadership of
Senator Specter and myself, has made it one of its top
priorities, if not the top priority, to make sure that our
public health infrastructure is adequately funded to respond to
natural or man-made biological threats.
We did this because we know that public health, both on the
Federal and local levels, is our first line of defense against
new and existing infectious diseases. We did this because we
knew the threats we face from both bioterrorism and emerging
infectious diseases, for example SARS or pandemic flu. In the
case of pandemic flu, we know that we have to count on public
health because with an outbreak we will have to wait perhaps
months before we have an adequate vaccine after an outbreak.
That's why I'm dismayed and concerned that so many things
went wrong in this case of a drug-resistant tuberculosis. This
is not the first and will not be the last time that we count on
our public health system to keep us safe.
Some things went right. The doctor who first diagnosed the
TB in the Atlanta man did indeed report the case to the local
health department. The local health department did respond and
either suggested or directed--I don't know which--that the
patient not travel overseas."

"First of all, up front before the patient
left the United States, we believe that we could strengthen our
States' ability to restrict the movement of patients before
they demonstrate noncompliance with a medical order. If we
believe the patient has a strong intent to put others at risk,
we need to have confidence we can take action absent
documentation of intent to cause harm.
I want to emphasize this because the whole history of
quarantine has been devoted to keeping people out and
containing them, and it is the first time that we've really had
to address keeping people in our country. So our statutes
weren't really designed with this modern age of global travel
and the vast multiple dimensions of international travel that
we experience."

what the screen said on the alert was: ``If you see this individual''--and then
subsequently, the next day we put an alert on Sarah Cooksey,
his fiancee at the time--and it said: ``Place mask on
subject.'' It said: ``Refer to secondary. Place mask on
subject. Place in isolation, well-ventilated room if possible.
Subject has multiple resistant TB, public health risk.'' Then
it gave the name of the Public Health Service doctor and
contact him 24 hours, and it gave two telephone numbers for
him. So the instructions were very clear.

"do you have the capacity
to pick up a phone and talk to somebody in Italy or China or
Japan or other reasonably--or developed nations generally, and
maybe even undeveloped nations, and get an agreement and an
immediate action event when you have somebody who you think is
a risk to their, obviously, their society and to people that
they're traveling with?"

"Senator Gregg. I think the almost bigger issue, although
this issue is obviously significant, especially for people who
were traveling with him on those airplanes, but the bigger
issue is the potential threat this represents to world travel
and to commercial activity and to different countries. I mean,
this individual chose consciously to move with an infectious
disease. It's potential that a terrorist might choose to infect
themselves and move with an infectious disease.
Is there any capacity at all to deal with that type of a
situation?
Dr. Gerberding. Well, certainly there is and in a situation
of a suspected terrorist we would be able to immediately engage
law enforcement without anybody questioning the validity of
that. I think we have to acknowledge that with infectious
diseases we cannot hermetically seal our borders. We can have
people moving across borders with infections who are
asymptomatic. We can have people moving across our borders with
diseases that don't manifest symptoms that would be picked up
at our quarantine stations or by our Customs and Border Patrol,
no matter how well trained they were. Right now we only have
quarantine officers in 20 airports around the United States and
we have I think more than 240 crossing areas where people can
come across our borders."

"In one of the notes that was given
us, at 3:35 on May 24 CDC gave DHS Mr. Speaker's information,
and according to this note the Terrorist Screening Center,
which administers the no-fly list, determined that Mr. Speaker
did not qualify for the list because he was not suspected of a
crime.
I hope that's not what the decision was. I hope that's not
the position, because dealing with terrorists you just can't
wait for the crime. The whole theory that we've supposedly been
functioning under relative to responding to terrorists is that
you've got to find them before they commit the crime. This is
not a post-crime event. It's the big problem we've had with
changing the culture at some of our law enforcement
communities, because they're always crime-related, to get them
to anticipate."
"This is certainly a national security issue and I'm glad
that this committee has raised that as a concern. But it's not
about terrorists or the idea of people voluntarily infecting
themselves. We have literally millions of people around the
world crossing borders every day. Many of them are infected,
whether it's with TB in one of these variants or other
infectious diseases. What we need to do is to recognize that
unless we address the problems of these diseases, particularly
TB but others as well, at their source, which is in the world's
poor communities around the world, that no walls that we can
build can possibly be high enough to protect the American
population."

And Justify harsher legal measures re travel and ph threats; Timeline; TB info; no-fly list issues with DHS terrorist detention vs. public health isolation
Committee on Homeland Security Sept 2007 http://hsc.house.gov/SiteDocuments/tbreport.pdf

ACLU Jan 2008 http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/privacy/pemic_report.pdf
While Speaker was in Europe, a CDC laboratory diagnosed Speaker’s TB as the more dangerous, extensively resistant TB (XDR-TB). At that point, instead of treating him like a client or a patient, the CDC began to treat Speaker like a dangerous public enemy. Rather than helping him and offering him a safe way to get home, the CDC contacted him in Italy and told him to stay there—leaving him sick and stranded in a foreign country, cut off from his family and other support networks. The agency also asked the Department of Homeland Security to add Speaker to the no-fly list, which is used to try to keep suspected terrorists out of the United States.

NYT 6-5-07, The TB Patient and the What-Ifs http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=13&did=1282420331&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1231607849&clientId=1564

"To the Editor:

As a physician and a woman of ethnic origin, I am disturbed that Andrew Speaker, the man with a dangerous form of tuberculosis, feels that an apology is acceptable. But that is a decision that he and his family will obviously have to live with.

I pose the following scenario and wonder how different the response would be if the patient in question were a young male of Islamic origin?

Kavita K. Patel, M.D.Santa Monica, Calif., June 1, 2007

To the Editor:

The border agent let Andrew Speaker pass, despite knowing that he was being sought by health authorities, on the grounds that he did not look sick.

Does that mean that in a parallel case, someone who does not look like a terrorist will also be allowed entry?

Margaret SmythCharlestown, Mass., June 1, 2007"

Touch off xenophobia: American Conservative, 7/2/07: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=4&did=1299553381&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1231608348&clientId=1564 "The story of Andrew Speaker, the now infamous trans-Atlantic traveler and tuberculosis case, may have faded from the headlines, but the bureaucratic incompetence he inadvertently revealed persists. One week after Speaker delivered his televised apology, Kalpana Dangol, a student at Colorado State University and native of Nepal, went to a Colorado Springs hospital complaining of abdominal pain. A few hours later she died. Her body had been ravaged by TB. Officials speculate that she contracted the disease in her native country, where according to the WHO, about 23 of every 100,000 people die of TB.

Dangol's story is tragic: a life cut short at 19. It is also disconcerting. Without knowledge of who enters the country, our homeland security system invites an epidemic."

ScienceNOW: Don't Blame Immigrants for Tuberculosis, 11/1/07 http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1101/1?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=andrew+speaker&andorexactfulltext=phrase&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT

"The national debate over illegal immigrants in the United States has sparked fears among health authorities about the spread of diseases, such as tuberculosis, but a new study indicates that those concerns are overblown. Researchers in Norway analyzed more than a decade's worth of tuberculosis cases and found that infected immigrants pose little risk of spreading the disease to the general population."

Alternet: How to Confront the Dangers of Tuberculosis, 6/14/07 http://www.alternet.org/healthwellness/54217/how_to_confront_the_dangers_of_tuberculosis/

"T.B. Harry"
blog, selfish http://www.thekidalog.com/seejanemom/2007/06/tb_patient_need.ht m l
Typhoid Mary culpability http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-seitzman/hey-tb-guy-the-rest-of-_b_50239.html, http://outeasy.wordpress.com/2007/06/01/tuberculosis-andy/

Comparison Cases
ACLU report 1/08: In another case, a 27-year-old TB patient named Robert Daniels was involuntarily quarantined in Phoenix, Arizona in July 2006 for disobeying an order by Maricopa County health officials to wear a face mask in public at all times.
AZCentral TB patient indicted as risk to public health Mar 25, 2008
Daniels was confined in a locked room at Maricopa Medical Center in August 2006 and treated as a convicted prisoner with no phone, windows, shower, television or other amenities. The controversy prompted court hearings in which physicians testified that Daniels ignored treatment instructions and caused a health hazard by going out in public without a mask. (AZCentral -- News)

Francisco Santos, teen arrested and jailed for having TB: Teen With TB Agress to Take Medicine, 11.com 8/28/07
http://www.11alive.com/news/article_news.aspx?storyid=102321

Washington Times 10/07: Man Criscrossed Border With TB
Amado Isidro
A Mexican national infected with a highly contagious form of tuberculosis crossed the U.S. border 76 times and took multiple domestic flights in the past year, according to Customs and Border Protection interviews and documents obtained by The Washington Times.
http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&Affiliation=R&PressRelease_id=8a309777-f508-454f-a1dc-795dc22d68f1&Month=10&Year=2007
Houston Chronicle 10/31/07 TB case frustrates senators - Committee poses 31 questions on why the U.S. failed to block traveler http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11CA48A8226A9F88&p_docnum=5&p_queryname=3
El Paso Times 10/19/07, Juárez man with drug-resistant TB not contagious http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11C66F99A0EF6198&p_docnum=10&p_queryname=4
Washington Times 1/26/08, Senate panel seeks reply in TB flier case http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11E6FB1E6134BB80&p_docnum=2&p_queryname=7

New Scientist, 12/19/07: Extreme TB patient slips through aircraft surveillance nethttp://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626343.400-extreme-tb-patient-slips-through-aircraft-surveillance-net.html
However, back in October 2006, another man who genuinely was a threat flew unnoticed from Beirut, Lebanon, to Paris, France. Unlike Speaker, he was coughing up bacteria-laden sputum, and died 10 days later of XDR-TB that had resisted nine drugs - possibly due to poorly managed treatment in Chechnya, the Russian republic where he had been living.

Money grab
Atlanta Journal-Constitution 1/13/08: Did CDC hype TB case as a fund-raising ploy? Agency denies it, but critics say Andrew Speaker was pawn in publicity grab
http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11E274D82016B8C0&p_docnum=1&p_queryname=5
After years of flat funding, the 2008 federal budget includes $140.4 million -- a 4 percent increase -- to combat TB in the U.S. It would have been a 9 percent increase if President Bush hadn't vetoed the Labor/HHS funding bill and required cuts.
The actions were in stark contrast to the private way the agency dealt with 100 other TB cases involving airline travelers, both before Speaker and after, including an incident last month when a severely ill drug-resistant TB patient flew from India to Chicago.

Reuters 6/5/07 Senators seek jump in TB control spending
http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN3123541420070605

The Hill 6/6/07: TB scare breathes new life into public health legislation
http://thehill.com/business--lobby/tb-scare-breathes-new-life-into-public-health-legislation-2007-06-06.html

The Stop TB Partnership welcomed the approval of US$153 million in spending for global TB control programmes for 2008--up US$72 million from 2007 spending. An additional $150 million was dedicated by the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to address the TB-HIV co-epidemic in 2008.
http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/end%20of%20year08.pdf

All hazards/medical bt prep Chapter 6/1

2008-11-19T13:40:00.000-08:00

websites: "Biological Threat"
FAS http://www.fas.org/reallyready/analysis.html#biological
Ready.gov http://www.fas.org/reallyready/archive/bio_archive.html
http://www.ready.gov/america/beinformed/biological.html
old site: http://www.idlewords.com/biological.html

books:
A Survey of Attitudes and Actions on Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences: A Collaborative Effort of the National Research Council and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2009
http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12460&utm_medium=etmail&utm_source=National%20Academies%20Press&utm_campaign=New+from+NAP+2.10.09&utm_content=Downloader&utm_term=#toc
contains summary of bioscience efforts; about scientist attempts to deal with dual use issue and self-governance/attitudes re Bt

Globalization, biosecurity, and the future of the life sciences

UPMC Center for Biosecurity/Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/center/newsroom/index.html
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/bioprep/news/sep2203hopkins.ed.html This group has earned an international reputation for its biodefense work. Faculty from the Center published the definitive papers on public health and medical management of the six major bioweapons-related diseases in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). They also convened the first two national conferences on bioterrorism for medical and public health professionals and the highly regarded and influential Dark Winter exercise, a fictional scenario depicting a covert smallpox attack in the United States. They founded and edit the only peer-reviewed journal devoted to biodefense. Through their work with congressional and administration leadership, state governments and academic and scientific organizations, the Center’s faculty played a major role in increasing federal funding for bioterrorism from $8 million in 1998 to $4.5 billion in 2003.

St. Louis Institute for Biosecurity/Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections, Master's program
http://www.bioterrorism.slu.edu/DegreeProg07/IBS07AboutUs.html

Public Policy and Biological Threats
http://igcc.ucsd.edu/PPBT.php

Biological Threats and Terrorism: Assessing the Science and Response Capabilities: Workshop Summary (IOM 3/2002)
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10290&page=1

History of Biohazard sign
http://www.biohazardlabels.com/BIO/BioHazard_Symbol.asp

Local disaster management [1/6]
City Agencies response to Disaster Management, NYT 5/04
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=637321141&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1229642831&clientId=1566&cfc=1

Health associations with Bt readiness/ disaster readiness [1/6]
Am Acad Pediatrics--disaster prep site http://www.aap.org/disasters/about.cfm
Am Acad Dermatology--disaster prep site http://www.aad.org/members/disaster/bioterrorism/bio_general.html
Am Acad Family Physicians--now defunct bioterror prep site www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/disasterprep/prepare/mdresources/bioterrorprep.html

HCW's as surveillors for Bt [1]
NYT 2001 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=83784270&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

"Walking a fine line between informing the public and trying to avoid panic, state and local health officials have asked doctors throughout New York to be on the lookout for any unusual symptoms or clusters of diseases that could be linked to bioterrorism."

WSJ 2001 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=83594119&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

NYT 2002 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=172597341&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

LAT 2001 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=84582355&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1227131775&clientId=1564

NYT 2003 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=316299131&SrchMode=2&sid=5&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1227132681&clientId=1564

-postal workers to distribute vaccines NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=789621011&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Beyond "Fortress America" National Security Controls on Science and Technology in a Globalized World, 2009 NAP: global cooperation and national security with that http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12567

Flu in the Mass Media

2008-11-11T09:18:00.000-08:00

SARS read in the backdrop of influenza

WSJ 2003 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=322167761&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

"SARS, bears striking similarities to the disastrous 1918 influenza pandemic"

WSJ 2003

http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=320250541&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

WSJ 2003 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=335340201&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1226424143&clientId=1564
Washington Post 2003 http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%200FC69BFC015B6CC3%20)&p_docid=0FC69BFC015B6CC3&p_theme=aggregated5&p_queryname=0FC69BFC015B6CC3&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=T60W60UUMTIyNjQyNDMyMS41NDEwNjA6MToxMDoxMjguOTcuMC4w&&p_multi=WPIW
LAT 2003 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=321736271&sid=9&Fmt=3&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

SARS (mutation, new strain) & Bt possibility/prep
NYT 2003 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=48&did=306222021&SrchMode=1&sid=16&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1226427368&clientId=1564
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=307958791&sid=16&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD
& Southern China http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=322167761&sid=17&Fmt=3&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD
LAT 2004 http://proquest .umi .com/pqdlink ?did=756979731 &sid=16 &Fmt=7 &clientId=1564 &RQT=309 &VName=PQD
WSJ 2004 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=40&did=680840731&SrchMode=1&sid=16&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1226427979&clientId=1564
But the world would be in a far worse position if the human and avian viruses swapped genes in a way that produced a hybrid that was viable, infectious and virulent -- and if that hybrid escaped or fell into the hands of would-be bioterrorists.

NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=913795161&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

LAT 2004

http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=580188961&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Mother Nature as bioterrorist
LAT 2004 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=709262881&sid=17&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD
It's enough to make one wish: If only Al Qaeda, rather than Mother Nature, were the one threatening us with influenza. And what a shame that when it comes to biological threats, the human immune system, unlike U.S. policymakers, doesn't make such distinctions.

(Control of) Research on 1918 strain
New York Times magazine 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=12&did=978539491&SrchMode=1&sid=16&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1226430192&clientId=1564

Poultry Slaughter, Live markets, unsanitary crowded conditions
Washington Post 2004 http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1005E8580F066C5A&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 ,
http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=100B2E172311F10B&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 ,
http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10812C81A4DC56D3&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5

WSJ 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=878887181&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

NYT 2004 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=710851581&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Military role
Washington Post 2005 http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10D0EB21092CFFC0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5

Surveillance

NYT 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1004074901&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

"But the potential loss of life should terrorists find a way to distribute infectious diseases in crowded cities is reason enough to go ahead with a national reportable disease law. Senator Chuck Hagel and Representative Lee Terry, both Republicans of Nebraska, plan to introduce legislation that would establish a list of infectious diseases like avian influenza that states must report to the Department of Homeland Security and create a commission that would set guidelines for collecting and reporting such information, including rules on protecting patient privacy."

LAT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=929190111&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Biosense WSJ 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=999733391&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

"Now, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is developing a similar -- but national -- electronic surveillance system called BioSense that is designed to help health officials spot an outbreak soon after infected people show up at emergency rooms. By the end of the year, BioSense is expected to link 250 hospitals in more than 30 cities to servers at the CDC's Atlanta headquarters. CDC officials will look at disease patterns in several major metropolitan areas at once. State and local health officials will be able to tap into the system to review data collected on symptoms and diagnoses of illnesses in their area."

NYT 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1112872231&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

"That means that public health officials investigating, for example, a flu outbreak in poultry or in humans in a remote Asian or African village will be able to decide quickly whether to kill thousands of birds or to treat hundreds of potentially exposed people with expensive antiviral drugs."

Canadian ban NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=929767771&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

WSJ 2001 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=81745452&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1227132588&clientId=1564

NYT 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1004074901&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

The federal government recognizes the importance of surveillance for infectious diseases that may represent a bioterrorist attack and has created programs to collect data without involving local or state government health officials. But unfortunately, it has done so without any legislative guidelines on how this data is to be collected or used.

NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=918680921&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Like Dr. Shanley, physicians specializing in infectious diseases have been working to educate residents on the virus, hoping that they can forestall a panic.

On Monday, Senator Joseph I. Lieberman proposed a bill in Congress to establish a domestic and global network for avian flu surveillance among wild birds, creating a database for sharing information and pinpointing any mutations in flu. Calling it the Global Network for Avian Influenza Surveillance Act, Senator Lieberman proposed that $10 million be given annually for five years to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the project.

WSJ 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=905685511&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Persons familiar with the planning cautioned that many of the investments in vaccines will take years to complete. Given the heightened concern, the plan emphasizes surveillance and containment of the disease, both overseas and in the U.S.

Preparedness politics

WSJ 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=799978361&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=929767781&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Expanding an old weapon in the struggle against infectious disease, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has opened 10 new quarantine stations at major ports of entry in the past 18 months and plans to add several more in the coming year.

LAT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=932258431&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Long-nurtured fears of big government -- traditionally equated with godless socialism -- have already blocked the creation of a national healthcare system capable of combating a pandemic.

NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=932060191&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

The vexing parallels between the current administration's approach to national health care (''The Perplexing Pandemic Flu Plan,'' editorial, Nov. 20), the war in Iraq, homeland security and...

WSJ 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=926382371&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Threat politics
Washington Post 2005 http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10D5340763865088&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 , Washington Post 2006 http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1104050A528DE890&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 ,
USA Today 2006 http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/1007058951.html?dids=1007058951:1007058951&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+21%2C+2006&author=Anita+Manning&pub=USA+TODAY&edition=&startpage=D.9&desc=U.S.+expects+bird+flu+this+year+%3B+Presence+not+cause+for+panic%2C+agencies+stress , http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/1087046261.html?dids=1087046261:1087046261&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+1%2C+2006&author=Anita+Manning&pub=USA+TODAY&edition=&startpage=D.6&desc=New+virus+less+than+pandemic+%3B+Strain+created+from+human%2C+bird+flus+gives+science+another+gauge
, http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2006-07-18-flu-drugs-usat_x.htm , Xinhua 2004 http://www.china.org.cn/features/bird/2004-02/05/content_1086402.htm
"I think it's very important at this stage that we remain calm about worst-case scenarios," Mike Ryan, the WHO's chief of global epidemic response, said at an international emergency meeting in Rome on Wednesday.

WSJ 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=923665191&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

"Pandemic viruses aren't the only threat. Drug-resistant bacteria and terrorist attacks spreading anthrax, smallpox or other deadly substances are also big worries in Washington. The emerging consensus: Private drug makers have to be encouraged to produce more medicines protecting public health -- even as critics of the pharmaceutical industry are wary of handing it too many incentives.

WSJ 2006

http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1086668611&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=970361111&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

LAT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=821441981&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Asia spread http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=115D57426E211118&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 ,
http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10B341B158445F30&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5

NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=847936811&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

''Any number of known and unknown viruses for which at present there is neither immunization nor cure are at this moment cooking in Asia and Africa, where they arise in hotbeds of densely intermingled human and animal populations,'' said Dr. Frist

WSJ 2006

http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1031755481&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

To counter the scary stories, Mr. Lobb pointedly calls the disease the "Asian bird flu," with the emphasis on Asian. He notes that the government is testing tens of thousands of wild birds to try to get an early warning of the virus's arrival in the U.S.

NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=910463411&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

To head off a global pandemic of avian flu, some scientists are advancing a novel strategy: that poultry workers and farmers in Asia get the same vaccine that Americans and Europeans are given to protect against conventional flu.

…The goal, these virologists say, is to keep the Asians from becoming ''mixing vessels'' for human and bird strains.

WSJ 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=883500541&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

NYT 2004 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=749326121&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=535576921&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD
WSJ 2004 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=571245161&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Dim Sum Emergency: Bird Flu Trips Up Trade in Chicken Feet

WSJ 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=987658401&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

in East Asia, bird flu's stronghold

China/Asia critique: avian vaccine potential mutation, secrecy
Washington Post 2005 http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10ACFE910A584CEB&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 ,
http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10D8D42E8BBF62A0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 ,
http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10ADFC0686AF4B4D&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 ,
http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:WPIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10B736565943C218&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D6884C8DA6CD5B5 , http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2004-02/04/content_1086228.htm

NYT 2005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=929015921&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

"Also, experts said, the task is likely to be overwhelming, because the Chinese eat about 14 billion chickens a year, so mass vaccinations would have to be repeated again and again, while the risk of the disease being reintroduced by migratory birds, in which it is now endemic, would be constant."

WSJ 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=970848611&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

China responds
to Orientalism, Xinhua 2004 http://www.china.org.cn/features/bird/2004-01/30/content_1085841.htm , http://www.china.org.cn/features/bird/2004-01/31/content_1085890.htm ,
http://www.china.org.cn/features/bird/2004-02/21/content_1087959.htm

WSJ 0005 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=868978481&Fmt=7&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD

WSJ 2006 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1066292781&Fmt=7&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Capitalizing on flu
Village Voice 2005 http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-11-15/news/capitalizing-on-the-flu/

DISSERTATION description

2008-11-02T12:30:00.000-08:00

In my dissertation, titled “The Bio Scare: anthrax, smallpox, SARS, flu and post-9/11 U.S. Empire”, I examine the role of gender and race in conceptions of infectious disease in the context of this era’s heightened attention to “national security”. In the U.S., growing concern over the rise in infectious diseases accelerated rapidly with the post-9/11 focus on “biological threats”—infectious diseases and potential biological warfare agents such as anthrax, smallpox, SARS and flu. Through textual analysis of mass media, law, science journals, and internet blogs, I focus on the ways in which “biological threats” have been imbricated with newly formed U.S. “biosecurity” measures that rely on women as health guardians of the nation against infectious disease threats represented as emanating largely from transnational Middle Eastern male (bio)terrorists and diseased Asian Others. I illustrate the role that these representations have played not only in generating media-driven scares in the U.S., but also in shaping the contours of post-9/11 U.S. Empire and nationhood.

Drawing heavily on feminist theory, theories of Empire, and cultural studies, my dissertation project contributes to an understanding of racialized geographies of disease and gendered economies of health. The processes of racialization and gendering occurring in the less visibly impacted realms of biomedicine and public health are in fact formative in shaping post-9/11 U.S. racial and national politics. In biomedicine, where funding has been diverted towards the dangerous arena of research and development of biological weapons, biosecurity measures have come to rely on laboratory safety policies based on excluding a stereotyped Middle Eastern bioterrorist. In public health, biosecurity measures focus on containing disease in the Orientalized locales of China and Asia. Women have been variously implicated in the defense against these racialized biological threats, both in their actual roles as front-line health care providers and as symbol of a white nation under siege by these transnational "Oriental" Others. Thus, my research shows that the discourse of “biological threats” intertwines with existing racist and sexist notions (Middle Eastern terrorists, disease-ridden Chinese and Asians, women as symbols of national purity and caretakers of national health) to produce a type of “microbial citizenship”, where national belonging is dependent on perceptions of one’s status as potential health-security risk. My research was funded by the UCLA Institute of American Cultures.

Flu in Public Health Sphere

2008-10-29T13:20:00.000-07:00

Flu in the Civic Sphere

2008-10-22T00:20:00.000-07:00

CLG's "flu oddities" page http://www.legitgov.org/flu_oddities_shortnews.html, http://www.legitgov.org/flu_oddities.html

ACLU: against post-9/11 law enforcement approaches to pandemic prep
MSEHPA critique http://www.aclu.org/privacy/medical/14857res20020101.html
http://www.aclu.org/privacy/gen/33649prs20080114.html
http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/privacy/pemic_report.pdf
In addition, a number of specific recommendations are made for a sounder approach to pandemic preparedness that protects health while safeguarding liberty, privacy and democracy. These include the following:
• Stockpiling and ensuring fair and efficient distribution and rationing of vaccines and medication;
• Emphasizing community engagement rather than individual responsibility;
• Protecting minorities and socially disadvantaged individuals from discriminatory rationing schemes for vaccination and treatment or from bearing the burden of coercive health measures;
• Relying wherever possible on voluntary social distancing measures rather than mandatory quarantines;
• Providing counsel and procedural protections to those individuals proposed for detention or travel restrictions;
• Protecting individual privacy in disease surveillance and investigation; and
• Ensuring that public health actors remain accountable for their actions in accordance with the law.

Sunshine Project
critique Spanish flu resurrection http://www.sunshine-project.org/publications/pr/pr091003.html, http://www.sunshine-project.org/publications/pr/pr051005.html

Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management:
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Adaptive Responses to an Evolving Challenge, 2006 http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?context=jhsem&article=1233&date=&mt=MTIyNjM4NTg1Mw==&access_ok_form=Continue
Pandemic Influenza Tabletop Exercises: A Primer for the Classroom and Beyond, 2008 http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?context=jhsem&article=1453&date=&mt=MTIyNjM4NTc3Mw==&access_ok_form=Continue

BULLETIN OF ATOMIC SCIENTISTS
2007 Children as Bioterrorists http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/laura-h-kahn/children-the-bioterrorists-we-love

2008 Flu unlikely Bt http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/the-challenges-of-developing-synthetic-pathogens

INFO
case tracking http://www.fluwikie.com/pmwiki.php?n=Main.ConfirmedCasesUpdated

individual preparedness
http://www.getpandemicready.org/

BLOGS
on biden and bird flu http://blogs.nature.com/nm/spoonful/2008/08/biden_on_bird_flu_1.html

MSEHPA critique http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/MSEHPA_review.htm

Flu in the Government

2008-10-21T15:40:00.000-07:00

US President's National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza, 2005
http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html

HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan
http://www.hhs.gov/pandemicflu/plan/

GOVERNMENT'S AVIAN FLU PREP SITE: http://www.pandemicflu.gov/
Wild bird surveillance site, 2005 Lieberman CDC: http://www.gains.org/ http://lieberman.senate.gov/documents/bills/051024birdflu.pdf

BIOSENSE http://www.cdc.gov/biosense/

BIOWATCH http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32152.html#_1_3

Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act, 2006
http://www.fas.org/biosecurity/resource/legislation/s3678.htm

GAO Report on Flu vaccines/antivirals, 2007
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0892.pdf

Flu assistance-other countries, 2007, Hse. Rpt. 110-197
http://web.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/attachment/a.pdf?_m=955e8c310a06f8023f337a67aa50a248&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkSA&_md5=006d9306df00a8e428bcefc3e6bc3d4a&ie=a.pdf

USDA's "How to protect your pet from bird flu" http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/ProtectYourPetBird2006.pdf

National Defense University's "Bird flu and you" guide that specifies difference between seasonal flu and pandemic flu, and discusses pets and poultry work, and methods of "social distancing" http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/life_sci/TheBirdFluandyou%20Big%20Final.pdf

CDC Information:
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/pdf/avianflufacts.pdf

Providing leadership to the National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Task Force, created in May 2005 by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Working with the Association of Public Health Laboratories on training workshops for state laboratories on the use of special laboratory (molecular) techniques to identify H5 viruses.
Working with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists and others to help states with their pandemic planning efforts.
Working with other agencies, such as the Department of Defense and the Veterans Administration, on antiviral stockpile issues.
Working with the World Health Organization (WHO) to investigate influenza H5N1 among people (e.g., in Vietnam) and to provide help in laboratory diagnostics and training to local authorities.
Performing laboratory testing of H5N1 viruses.
Starting a $5.5 million initiative to improve influenza surveillance in Asia.
Holding or taking part in training sessions to improve local capacities to conduct surveillance for possible human cases of H5N1 and to detect influenza A H5 viruses by using laboratory techniques.
Developing and distributing reagent kits to detect the currently circulating influenza A H5N1 viruses.
CDC has developed and is distributing the first FDA approved test for the detection of the H5 viruses that first emerged in Asia in 2003.

Letters-Biosecurity project

2008-10-21T14:54:00.000-07:00

Intervening in the Science of Security: a Feminist Perspective on Bioterrorism and Biosecurity

Introduction

The proposed project examines the embeddedness of cultural norms in scientific knowledge production, focusing specifically on how assumptions about gender and race shape the scientific production of biotechnologies for “national security”. The proposed postdoctoral research is an extension of my dissertation work, in which I focused on cultural productions of gender and race in popular scientific discourse pertaining to post-9/11 “biosecurity”.

After 9/11, the U.S. government refocused “national security” policies with new fervor into an official “global war on terror”. Biotechnology in particular has played an important role in operationalizing new forms of surveillance and security. In the post-9/11 U.S. securitized politic, efforts to protect against “bioterrorism” diseases—diseases such as anthrax and smallpox recently defined as potentially of use to the would-be “bioterrorist”— focused on increasing laboratory security procedures on the one hand and research into these diseases and their technological “countermeasures” on the other. While there has been a fair amount of scholarship from scholars in the medical humanities and social sciences on the consequences and ethics of the new technologies and laboratory regulations enacted to protect against “bioterrorism” (McBride 2002; King 2003; Guillemin 2004; Rabinow 2004; Lakoff and Collier 2008), none of these examine the issues from a feminist science studies perspective focusing on the central roles of gender and race. Mainstream bioethics concerns have focused mainly on privacy issues raised by the use of surveillance technologies and biological research laboratory regulations enacted to protect against “bioterrorism”. Even more striking than the minimal attention to how assumptions about gender and race are embedded in laboratory security procedures is the complete absence of any scholarship on how they shape the research and development of “bioterrorism” disease countermeasures.

The proposed research aims to examine how assumptions about gender and race constitute the very scientific theories and models upon which the research and development of “bioterrorism” countermeasures are based. I approached the study of scientific discourse as constituted by media, culture and other features of social and historical context as much as by practices occurring in the circumscribed realm of science proper. Through a feminist science studies lens, I will examine questions of how broader cultural ideas about the normative disease carrier--both the notion of the "Middle Eastern bioterrorist" and the trope of "women and children" victimized by disease embedded in the scientific production of “bioterrorism” countermeasures. I will utilize primary scientific literature and popular media coverage of the scientific research and technology production, engaging in textual analysis of the language, methods, and stated purposes of the countermeasures in achieving what has come to be known as “biosecurity”.

Letters-feminist science studies letter

2008-10-21T00:27:00.000-07:00

Feminist science studies cover letter--

Thank you very much for your time and consideration.

SOURCE: Current WMD Usage

2007-02-23T00:26:00.000-08:00

Iraq Insurgents Employ Chlorine in Bomb Attacks, NYT, 2/07
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/22/world/middleeast/22iraq.html?th&emc=th

Radical Science org's: CRG, CNS

2006-10-23T23:25:00.000-07:00

SOURCE: China/Arab and U.S. economic/security relations

2006-09-20T15:19:00.000-07:00

SOURCE: EJ&H orgs:

2006-09-18T21:29:00.000-07:00

ethnic/immigrant or gender orgs:

2006-09-18T21:27:00.000-07:00

EJ&H orgs: Roxbury Safety Net/Ace

2006-09-18T21:26:00.000-07:00

SOURCE: ethnic/immigrant or gender orgs:

2006-09-18T21:25:00.001-07:00

SOURCE: Anti-BW org's

2006-09-18T21:25:00.000-07:00

CODE: terrorism and disease intertextuality

2006-09-17T20:21:00.000-07:00

MASS MEDIA

SCIENCE MAG

PUBMED

HIGHWIRE ACADEMIC

CODE: transnationalizing of risk/threat construction

2006-09-17T20:20:00.000-07:00

MASS MEDIA

SCIENCE MAG

PUBMED

HIGHWIRE ACADEMIC

CODE: raced surveillance/security

2006-09-17T20:17:00.000-07:00

MASS MEDIA
racialized/Orientalized (transnational) microbe vectors:

SCIENCE MAG
racialized/Orientalized (transnational) microbe vectors:

PUBMED
racialized/Orientalized (transnational) microbe vectors:

HIGHWIRE ACADEMIC
racialized/Orientalized (transnational) microbe vectors:

CODE: gendered surveillance/security

2006-09-17T20:16:00.000-07:00

MASS MEDIA

SCIENCE MAG

PUBMED

HIGHWIRE ACADEMIC

CODE: raced risk/threat construction

2006-09-17T20:13:00.001-07:00

CODE: gendered risk/threat construction

2006-09-17T20:13:00.000-07:00

MASS MEDIA
masculine state/infantilized population:

women as disease vector and mothering gatekeeper of disease:

intentional vs. unintentional threat:

SCIENCE MAG
masculine state/infantilized population:

women as disease vector and mothering gatekeeper of disease:

intentional vs. unintentional threat:

PUBMED
masculine state/infantilized population:

women as disease vector and mothering gatekeeper of disease:

intentional vs. unintentional threat:

HIGHWIRE ACADEMIC

masculine state/infantilized population:

women as disease vector and mothering gatekeeper of disease:

intentional vs. unintentional threat:

CODE: construction of biological authority

2006-09-17T20:12:00.000-07:00

MASS MEDIA
Faith in Quick Test Leads to Epidemic that Wasn't, NYT, 1/07
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9501E7DB1F30F931A15752C0A9619C8B63

SCIENCE MAG

PUBMED

HIGHWIRE ACADEMIC

OTHER
Genetic Weapons: a 21st-century Nightmare?
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9501E7DB1F30F931A15752C0A9619C8B63

SOURCE: Role and Regulation of Labs/Scientists re BT

2006-07-19T23:23:00.000-07:00

Role of the Clinical Microbiology Lab
http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/14/2/364#SEC2_2

Integrating Agents of BT into General Bio Curriculum
http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0002-7685&volume=064&issue=09&page=0651

Schools to Develop Bioterrorism Vaccines
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/bioterrorismvaccines.html

F.B.I. Names Top Scientists for Advisory Panel on Germs (microbial forensics)
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/fbitopscientists.html

The Flu Factor In Bioterrorism
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/flufactorbio.html

U.S. Tightening Rules on Keeping Scientific Secretsm 2/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/UStighteningrules.html

Biodefense funding creates quandary, 2/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/biofundingquandary.html

Conferees Agree on Bioterror Bill
Legislation Calls for Vaccine Stockpiles, Increased Research 5/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/conferreesbioterbill.html

Bioterrorism Legislation Puts New Scrutiny on Researchers, Allows Current Projects to Continue, 5/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/bioterlegnewscrutinyres.html

Mail-Order Molecules Brew a Terrorism Debate, 7/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/mailordermolecules.html

Labs Under the Microscope, 9/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/labsundermicroscope.html

Publish and Perish? As the nation fights terrorists, scientists weigh the risks of releasing sensitive information, 10/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/publishperish.html

Research institutes unveil plans for Fort Detrick lab expansion, 10/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/fortdetricklabexpansion.html

National Security and Biological Research Community (openness ideal), 10/02
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/298/5594/753

Guidelines Aim to Tighten Lab Security, 12/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/tightenlabsecurity.html

After 9/11, Universities Are Destroying Biological Agents, 12/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/univdestroyingbioagents.html

Biodefense Lab on the Defensive, 2/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/biodefenselab.html

Science Journals Change Editing Methods , 2/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/editingmethods.html

Rogue Science, 5/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/roguescience.html

World's Labs Unite Against Viral Enemy: Scientists Scramble for SARS Treatment, 5/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/worldslabsunite.html

In post-9/11 world, vaccine research gains new respect, 6/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/vacresearchrespect.html

Terrorism and the Biology Lab, 7/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/terrorismbiolab.html

Secrecy law will apply to UCD labs, 7/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/secrecylawdavis.html

UC Davis fails to win $59 million grant that would have helped fund bio lab, UCLA Epidemiology, 9/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/bioter/ucdavisfailsgrant.html

UC Davis reverses on biolab warnings, UCLA Epidemiology, 9/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Bioter/ucdavisreversal.html

The Next Worse Thing, Mother Jones, 3/04
http://www.motherjones.com/news/outfront/2004/03/02_400.html?welcome=true

Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/279/5350/491.pdf

(political economy) Microbiologist Resigns After Pitch for Antianthrax Product
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/309/5740/1475a.pdf

Ethics: A Weapon to Counter Bioterrorism, Science, 3/05
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5717/1881

Federation of American Scientists link
http://www.fas.org/main/home.jsp

National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity link
http://www.biosecurityboard.gov/

Scientists Tighten Security over germ terror threat, The Times, 1/07
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/britain/article1295996.ece

National Academies Press, Biological Threats and Terrorism: Assessing the Science and Response Capabilities: Workshop Summary (2002)
http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10290&page=20

SOURCE: GWOT analysis

2006-07-19T23:18:00.000-07:00

SOURCE: Network Security in the Health Care Setting

2006-07-19T23:17:00.001-07:00

Security infrastructure requirements for electronic health cards communication. Stud Health Technol Inform 1 Jan 2005 116: p. 403.
http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;16160291

Implementing interoperable secure health information systems. Stud Health Technol Inform 1 Jan 2005 115: p. 187.
http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;16160225

Purposes of health identification cards in belgium. Stud Health Technol Inform 1 Jan 2005 116: p. 415.
http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;16160293

CDC outlines IT needs for emergency vaccination clinics , 9/02
http://www.gcn.com/vol1_no1/daily-updates/20114-1.html

3. (FEMINIST) POLITICAL AND SOCIAL THEORY

2006-07-19T23:17:00.000-07:00

Strengths: most concerned with our daily lives and overall broad impact on all members of society
Weaknesses: lacks attention to role of science/technology (yet sometimes errs in trying to emulate a idealistic rigid notion of “science” in its grand theorizing)
Gaps: tends not to be able to theorize on a large and broad level while still giving significant attention to the variegated nature of social publics (feminist and postcolonial theorists have attempted to redress this)

a. SUBJECTIVITIES, CITIZENSHIP (FEMINIST TRANSNATIONAL THEORY)
Gaps: feminist transnational theory focuses only on particular areas of science and various subjects—feminist environmental literature, reproductive technology literature, and critique of development literature
Interrogative trajectory: What kinds of subjects and citizens are made (and how are our lives affected) by the changes in bioscience/biotechnology/public health through the effects of Bioterrorism discourse and practices?

b. GOVERNANCE, BIO-POLITICS
Gaps: tends to lack role of science in theories
Interrogative trajectory: How is the social body constituted unequally? What and how do institutions use science, bioterrorism, and public health to police and govern?

c. NATIONAL SECURITY/SURVEILLANCE/TERROR THEORY
Gaps: tends to lack role of science in theories
Interrogative trajectory: What needs to be done in the area of National Security policy? How are different society members affected by national security? What role might the (merging of) science, bioterrorism, and public health play?

2. PUBLIC HEALTH

2006-07-19T23:16:00.000-07:00

Strengths: ideal site of visibility of intersection between notions of “science” and “politics”, public health as a site of socio-political regulation, public health also a site of divergent causality
Weaknesses:
Gaps:

a. DISEASE DISCOURSE, MODELS AND APPLICATIONS (FEMINIST SCIENCE STUDIES)
Gaps: contextualize public health construction of bodies in a globally transnational economic and socio-political context
Interrogative trajectory: How can we understand how the health of bodies and its regulation are constructed in the current context (of DHHS-DOD/DHS merge)?

b. GENDER, POSTCOLONIAL HISTORY/IMPERIAL PRESENT (FEMINIST TRANSNATIONAL THEORY AND POSTCOLONIAL THEORY)
Gaps: connect work on systemic institutions of public health by feminist transnational theorists (which is the section of feminist theory that has battled the Eurocentrism and disciplinary narrowness of many sections of feminist theory, and tends to focus on only the most obviously relevant aspects of science/technology that relate to women, such as reproduction) and postcolonial theorists (which tends to ignore gender)
Interrogative trajectory: How can we understand the role of Public Health emerging in relation to National Security and its role in past colonial/ current imperial contexts?

1. SCIENCE STUDIES

2006-07-19T23:15:00.000-07:00

Strengths: politicizes science, challenges scientific authority, discusses differential participation and applications of science, challenges objectivity, interdisciplinary knowledge production
Weaknesses: assumes a pure space of “science” as a starting point, assumes binary separations, not integrated with political; ignores nation, Eurocentric
Gaps: Science Studies as a whole lacks theory, focuses on case studies and positivist methodologies, except Feminist Science Studies and Postcolonial studies, which are both very good at social identity-based theorizing in particular; political economy is strong in most science studies except for Feminist Science Studies; Postcolonial Science Studies lacks gender analysis; areas that bridge many of these gaps include the feminist environmental literature, reproductive technology literature, and critique of development literature.

a. CONSTRUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL BODIES (FEMINIST SCIENCE STUDIES)
Gaps: disconnect between various levels of bodies/entities, from cells to humans to social bodies, and from nature to culture, all in a globally transnational economic and socio-political context
Interrogative trajectory: How is science and the construction of bodies a (discursive) backdrop to GWOT? How can the merging of Public Health and National Security structures be contextualized within these different levels of body construction?

b. RISK/ SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY, (BIO-)SECURITY, POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BIOTECH/EPIDEMIOLOGY
Gaps: relationship between political economy of biotech and bio-security, and both in a globally transnational context; the role of information and code in shaping risk and security is underemphasized in importance
Interrogative trajectory: How does the history and political economy of Bioterrorism (and Biotech) contextualize Bioterrorism’s effects on Public Health and National Security? How is the discourse of risk and scientific authority shaping them?

c. LAY CITIZEN PARTICIPATION-ENGAGEMENT
Gaps: different understandings of publics by various sections of Science Studies; contextualizing participation and activism around science in a globally transnational context
Interrogative trajectory: What kinds of resistance can and do occur in response to the Public Health-National Security nexus? How does Bioterrorism shape (variegated) people’s engagement with Public Health and Bioscience/Biotechnology?

SOURCE: Merge of DOD/DHS and Public Health

2006-07-19T23:12:00.000-07:00

military and medical defense applications of biotechnology: Biology and The Battlefield, Defense Horizons, March 2003
http://www.ndu.edu/inss/DefHor/DH25/DH_25.htm

Biological Weapons: A National Security Problem that Requires a Public Health Response
http://sheps.opr.princeton.edu/papers/opr0104.pdf

U.S. government, political economy of biotech: America Betrayed, Rhawn Joseph
http://universitypress.info/USABiologicalTerror.pdf

IR, pe of biotech (nunn-turner): Arms Control: Failure of BWC and a New Paradigm
http://www.nunnturnerinitiative.org/e_research/official_docs/dod/2003/inss032003_bwc.pdf
Bioterrorism funding boost slights CDC, 2/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/biofundingslightscdc.html

Homeland-Office Plan Splinters, Public-Health Duties, Critics Say, 7/02
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/homelandofficeplan.html

The State of Biotechnology, 6/03
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/biotechnology.html

*Bioterrorism Preparedness: Cooptation of Public Health?, 2002
http://www.ippnw.org/MGS/V7N2Sidel.html

Role of EPA in NS
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/content/homelandSecurity.htm?OpenDocument

State of CA Little Hoover Commission Emergency Prepraredness, 6/05
http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhcdir/emergprep/report170a.pdf

Dept. of Health and Human Services link
http://www.hhs.gov/

Why Health Is Important to U.S. Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, 5/01
http://www.milbank.org/reports/Foreignpolicy.html#globalized

Biodefense:Critics Question Proposed Countermeasures Agency, Science, 11/05
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5749/755

Germ boys and yes men, The Nation. 11/05
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051128/scahill

White House Outlines Bioterrorism Plan, Guardian, 4/07
http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6569204,00.html